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- RATEHD.DOC 3/5/89 Copyright 1989 ICD, Inc.
-
- This document and the program RATEHD.PRG, may be distributed by any non-
- commercial means (may not be sold) as long as the they are distributed
- together, and no modifications are made to either, other than language
- translation which is allowed. The copyright holder is: ICD, Incorporated,
- 1220 Rock Street, Rockford, Illinois, USA. 815-968-2228 voice 968-2229 BBS.
-
- RATEHD.PRG was written in Personal Pascal, a product of ICD, Inc.
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- RATEHD was written to show performance characteristics of various hard disk
- drives. It was developed at ICD to allow fair comparison when evaluating
- hard disk drive mechanisms, embedded SCSI drives and SCSI controllers when used
- on the Atari ST. It does not go through a hard disk handler (like ICDBOOT.SYS)
- so it is not useful in rating the speed of different handlers. (There are no
- significant speed differences in the different handlers anyway. Atari's,
- Supra's, and ICDBOOTX.PRG are all the same speed and as fast as anyone can go
- on the ST. ICDBOOT.PRG is 2% to 20% slower on writes since it verifies data.)
-
- We were a bit apprehensive about releasing this to the public because of our
- fears that people not understand it and will use it for the wrong purpose.
- It is intended as a comparison test and should not be used to verify a drive
- or controller against printed specifications. Drive manufacturers test their
- drives on specialized test equipment and not on an Atari ST. Data rates are
- also usually shown as a burst rate and what we are measuring is the sustained
- rate which is closer to the top end in real life usage.
-
- Our final decision to release RATEHD was twofold.
-
- 1) There is too much misinformation out there when it comes to computers and
- hard drives. There needed to be a uniform benchmark test for the Atari ST.
- Magazine reviews have typically mislead the public, not maliciously, but
- because of the reviewer's ignorance on the subject and lack of scientific
- testing methods. Now you have a benchmark; just don't abuse it.
-
- 2) When we finished the FA-ST Tape Backup, we realized that a hard drive system
- would need a certain amount of finesse to keep up with the streaming tape.
- If the tape had to keep backing up and waiting for the hard drive to catch
- up, the backup time would become laboriously long and almost not usable. A
- data rate of about 300 K/s (kilobytes per second) is required to keep the
- tape moving without any stopping and backing up of the tape. As the data
- rate gets slower, the tape will begin to backup and restart several times
- per partition. A data rate of less than 200 K/s would probably become
- unbearable at attempting a backup.
-
- We have tested many drives and controllers at their optimum interleaves and
- found that Adaptec MFM controllers (including Atari SH204, Megafile 20) run
- about 300 K/s if they are formatted at 1:1 interleave. Adaptec RLL
- controllers (including Atari Megafile 30 and 60) run about 315 K/s at 2:1
- interleave. Omti MFM controllers move along about 360 K/s using 1:1 with
- Omti RLL at about 375 K/s at 1:1. Embedded controller drives are usually
- the speedsters with the Seagate ST138N and ST157N cruising at 550 K/s at
- 1:1. The quickest we have measured was a CDC 94181-702 which flies at
- 1010 K/s which is probably fast enough to do real time video. It also had
- 15 ms average access time and had a 600 Megabyte formatted capacity.
-
- THE PROBLEM WITH MOST TEST METHODS
-
- There are many variables in something as complex as a computer with hard disk
- drive that can make testing a cumbersome task. The most obvious way to test
- hard drive speed, is to copy files from a hard drive to a RAMDISK and then back
- to a clean hard drive while timing the process. Although on the surface, a
- test like this appears sufficient, this cannot give an accurate picture of what
- to expect in performance after using the drive for awhile. Both hard drives
- would need to be freshly formatted (no files yet) and with identical partition
- sizes. If not freshly formatted, the DOS fat table delays and fragmentation
- would enter a significant amount of error into the rating equation. Of course
- the same DOS and same computer must also be used.
-
- While this seems like a reasonable test method, it would only show the data
- rate (assuming both drives were formatted at their optimal interleave). Step
- rate in this type of test would not be a measurable factor as it would later
- on when the files on the drives become fragmented. Fragmentation occurs as a
- hard drive gets used and files are modified. They increase in size and when
- rewritten to the drive, not all the file parts are in consecutive sectors
- anymore, probably not even in the same area of the disk. The file eventually
- becomes a group of "fragments" and this is where the movement of the head from
- track to track (step rate measured as average access time) really becomes an
- important speed factor. It would not be an easy task to create two freshly
- formatted drives of different manufacture with identical fragmentation on each
- drive.
-
- Many of the magazine reviews we have seen give no indication of the test
- method. It is almost as if the numbers were arrived at by magic. We now offer
- RATEHD as a solution to all magazine reviewers desiring to test hard disk
- drives. If you all use this, then the results can be believable.
-
- Since RATEHD does not use the DOS nor the hard disk handler, it is easily
- repeatable and almost foolproof; some of the most important factors in any
- test method. It will run on any hard drive and does not care about how the
- partitions are set up nor does it matter what the file structure is like.
- Since RATEHD does *not* ever write to disk, it is totally safe and can be run
- at any time.
-
- ABOUT THE PROGRAM
-
- RATEHD begins at SCSI ID# 0, Logical Unit Number 0, and proceeds to check
- 0-3 LUNs for each SCSI ID going through all SCSI IDs 0-7 except for the special
- cases for ID# 6 (reserved for our real time clock) and ID# 7 (where it only
- reads LUN 0). When the program finds a hard drive present, it will print the
- manufacturers identification under Device Name, and proceed with the tests.
- After each drive is tested, it will display the results and search for the next
- drive. When finished with all drives, RATEHD will allow you to RETEST or EXIT
- back to the desktop. (A screen dump will print the results.)
-
- Don't worry: It is only a read test so no damage will be done to your drive
- media.
-
- ABOUT THE TESTS
-
- The Data Rate Test
-
- In this test, one megabyte of data is read (2,000 sectors) in 100 sector
- continuous blocks (burst mode). This is timed and the math is done to
- calculate the number of K/s (Kilobytes read in one second).
-
- The Average Access Test
-
- The Average Access is based on an assumed 16 megabyte partition beginning
- with sector 0 and ending with sector 31,000. The head is told to read a
- sector at the innermost cylinder of the partition area (31,000) then to read
- one in the outermost cylinder (0). This is repeated 50 times but each time
- the sector number is adjusted so that the head will move 1/50 less distance.
- If there were 51 tries, the head would end up on the center cylinder of the
- partition (15,500), not stepping at all for the inner and outer cylinders.
-
- This movement is timed and the sector read time is removed. An average time
- for the head travel is then calculated and shown in ms (milliseconds). Since
- this average time also includes the command overhead time, it will be slightly
- higher than specifications from the drive manufacturer.
-
- WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
-
- There are really only two significant variables concerning performance with a
- hard disk. These are Data Rate and Average Access. We are assuming that you
- are concerned about speed and have the optimum interleave on your drive.
-
- There is one other bottleneck that does affect hard disk performance. The
- Disk Operating System is a major slowdown. To optimize your DOS speed get
- TOS 1.4 from Atari as soon as you can. TOS 1.4 is in beta test at this time
- so it is not widely available. Once it is, get it; we have seen a tremendous
- improvement in both speed and reliability. Thank you Atari!
-